Season 2020
39 episodes · Jan 9, 2020
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- S4E1
That Time the Mediterranean Sea Disappeared
Jan 9, 202010mHow could a body of water as big as the Mediterranean just...disappear? It would take decades and more than 1,000 research studies to even start to figure out the cause -- or causes -- of one of the greatest vanishing acts in Earth’s history.
- S4E2
The Neanderthals That Taught Us About Humanity
Jan 16, 202010mThroughout the first half of the 20th century, Neandertals were thought to have been…primitive. Unintelligent, hunched-over cavemen, for lack of a better word. But the discoveries made in that Iraqi cave provided some of the earliest clues that Neanderthals actually behaved -- and likely thought and felt -- a lot like we do.
- S4E3
The Giant Dinosaur That Was Missing a Body
Jan 28, 202010mFrom end to end, its forelimbs alone measured an incredible 2.4 meters long and were tipped with big, comma-shaped claws. But other than its bizarre arms, very little material from this dinosaur had been found: no skull, no feet, almost nothing that could give experts a fuller picture of what this dinosaur actually was.
- S4E4
How South America Made the Marsupials
Feb 4, 202010mThroughout the Cenozoic Era -- the era we’re in now -- marsupials and their metatherian relatives flourished all over South America, filling all kinds of ecological niches and radiating into forms that still thrive on other continents.
- S4E5
A Short Tale About Diplodocus' Long Neck
Feb 11, 202010mLong necks gave sauropods a huge advantage when it came to food, but not in the way you think. And this benefit would allow them to become the biggest terrestrial animals of all time!
- S4E6
When the Rainforests Collapsed
Feb 19, 202010mThe Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse set the stage for a takeover that would be a crucial turning point in the history of terrestrial animal life. If it weren’t for that time when the rainforests collapsed - in an extinction event that you probably haven’t heard of - our ancestors might never have made it out of the swamps.
- S4E7
How a Hot Planet Created the World's Biggest Snake
Feb 27, 202010mAbout 59 million years ago, the largest animal lurking in the ancient forests of Colombia by far was Titanoboa - the largest snake ever known. It’s only been in the past few years that we’ve put together the many pieces of this puzzling creature, but it turns out that the greatest snake that the world ever saw was made possible by a warming planet.
- S4E8
When the Sahara Was Green
Mar 10, 202010mThe climate of the Sahara was completely different thousands of years ago. And we’re not talking about just a few years of extra rain. We’re talking about a climate that was so wet for so long that animals and humans alike made themselves at home in the middle of the Sahara.
- S4E9
When Penguins Went From The Sky To The Sea
Mar 18, 202010mToday, we think of penguins as small-ish, waddling, tuxedo-birds. But they evolved from a flying ancestor, were actual giants for millions of years, and some of them were even dressed a little more casually.
- S4E10
How the Egg Came First
Mar 25, 202010mThe story of the egg spans millions of years, from the first vertebrates that dared to venture onto land to today’s mammals, including the platypus, and of course birds. Like chickens? We’re here to tell you: The egg came first.
- S4E11
How Dogs (Eventually) Became Our Best Friends
Mar 31, 202010mWe’re still figuring out the details, but most scientists agree that it took thousands of years of interactions to develop our deep bond with dogs. When did they first become domesticated? Where did this happen? And what did the process look like, in terms of genetics and anatomy?
- S4E12
When a Billion Years Disappeared
Apr 15, 202010mIn some places, the rocks below the Great Unconformity are about 1.2 billion years older than those above it. This missing chapter in Earth’s history might be linked to a fracturing supercontinent, out-of-control glaciers, and maybe the diversification of life itself.
- S4E13
The Risky Paleo Diets of Our Ancestors
Apr 22, 202010mWe can track our history of eating just about anything back through the fossil record and see the impact it’s had on our evolution. Throughout time, part of the secret to our success as a species has been our early - and sometimes fatal - experimentation with food.
- S4E14
How the Andes Mountains Might Have Killed a Bunch of Whales
Apr 29, 202010mAt a site known as Cerro Ballena or Whale Hill, there are more than 40 skeletons of marine mammals -- a graveyard of ocean life dating back 6.5 million to 9 million years ago, in the Late Miocene Epoch. But the identity of the killer that they finally settled on might surprise you.
- S4E15
How Plants Caused the First Mass Extinction
May 12, 202010mIn the middle of the Cambrian, life on land was about to get a little more crowded. And those newcomers would end up changing the world. The arrival of plants on land would make the world colder, drain much of the oxygen out of the oceans and eventually, it would help cause a massive extinction event.
- S4E16
The Two Viruses That We’ve Had For Millions of Years
May 20, 202010mThere’s one kind of herpesvirus that’s specific to one species of primate, and each virus split off from the herpesvirus family tree when the primate split off from its own tree. But of course, humans are a special kind of primate.
- S4E17
How We Identified One of Earth’s Earliest Animals
May 28, 202010mScientists had no idea what type of organisms the life forms of the Ediacaran were—lichen, colonies of bacteria, fungi or something else. It turns out, the key to solving the puzzle of Precambrian life was a tiny bit of fossilized fat.
- S4E18
When Dinosaur Look-Alikes Ruled the Earth
Jun 9, 202010mThere were a huge number of croc-like animals that flourished during the Triassic Period. Dinosaurs had just arrived on the scene but it was these animals that truly ruled the Earth, becoming both abundant and diverse.
- S4E19
The World Before Plate Tectonics
Jun 16, 202010mThere was a time in Earth’s history that was so stable, geologists once called it the Boring Billion. But the fact is, this period was anything but boring. In fact, it set the stage for our modern version of plate tectonics - and probably for the rise of life as we know it.
- S4E20
When Dinosaurs Chilled in the Arctic
Jun 24, 202010mAll told, the Arctic in the Cretaceous Period was a rough place to live, especially in winter. And yet, the fossils of many kinds of dinosaurs have been discovered there. So how were they able to survive in this harsh environment?
- S4E21
How the Walrus Got Its Tusks
Jul 7, 202010mThe rise and fall of ancient walruses, and how modern ones got their tusks, is a story that spans almost 20 million years. And while there are parts of the story that we’re still trying to figure out, it looks like tusks didn’t have anything to do with how or what these animals ate.
- S4E22
The Story of the Dino Stampede
Jul 16, 202010mTo try to solve the puzzle of Lark Quarry, experts have turned to a special subfield of paleontology -- paleoichnology, or the study of trace fossils -- to reconstruct exactly what happened on that spot, on that day, nearly 100,000 millennia ago.
- S4E23
The Biggest Frog that Ever Lived
Jul 23, 202010mUntangling the origins of Beelzebufo -- the giant frog that lived alongside the dinosaurs -- turns out to be one of the most bedeviling problems in the history of amphibians.
- S4E24
The Dinosaur Who Was Buried at Sea
Aug 5, 202010mPaleontologists have been studying these dinosaurs since the 1830s, but nobody had ever found a specimen like Borealopelta before. The key to all of this exceptional preservation was where ended up after it died and how it got there.
- S4E25
How We Figured Out Fermentation
Aug 13, 202010mThanks to a recent adaptation, instead of getting sick from the boozy, fermented fruits, one of our primate ancestors could digest them safely, and get more calories at the same time. This new superpower would open up a whole new nutritional landscape for us: fermented foods.
- S4E26
The Oddest Couple in the Fossil Record
Aug 20, 202010mTo figure out how Thrinaxodon and Broomistega became entombed together, scientists looked at the burrow itself, along with their fossilized bones. And it looks like their luck ran out, when a behavior that usually would’ve helped them survive just didn’t work.
- S4E27
How Ancient Art Captured Australian Megafauna
Sep 2, 202010mBeneath layers of rock art are drawings of animals SO strange that, for a long time, some anthropologists thought they could only have been imagined. But what if these animals really had existed, after all?
- S4E28
The Sea Monster from the Andes
Sep 10, 202010mIn 1977, a farmer was plowing his field on a plateau high in the Andes mountains when he stumbled upon a giant fossilized skeleton. How did this giant marine reptile end up high in the Andes Mountains?
- S4E29
When Rodents Had Horns
Sep 15, 202010mThese odd rodents belong to a genus known as Ceratogaulus, but they’re more commonly called horned gophers, because, you guessed it, they had horns. And it turns out the horns probably had a purpose - one that rodents would likely benefit from today.
- S4E30
The First and Last North American Primates
Sep 30, 202010mEarly primates not only lived in North America -- our primate family tree actually originated here! So what happened to those early relatives of ours?
- S4E31
How Plants Became Carnivores
Oct 7, 202010mHow and why does botanical carnivory keep evolving? It turns out that when any of the basic things that most plants need aren’t there, some plants can adapt in unexpected ways to make sure they thrive.
- S4E32
How Ankylosaurs Got Their Clubs
Oct 13, 202010mWhile clubs are practically synonymous with ankylosaurs, we’ve only started to get to the bottom of how they worked and how this unusual anatomy developed in the first place.
- S4E33
Why Do Things Keep Evolving Into Crabs?
Oct 28, 202010mFor some reason, animals keep evolving into things that look like crabs, independently, over and over again. What is it about the crab’s form that makes it so evolutionarily successful that non-crabs are apparently jealous of it?
- S4E34
How Plankton Created A Bizarre Giant of the Seas
Nov 10, 202010mAt more than 2 meters long, Aegirocassis was not only the biggest radiodont ever, but it also may have been the biggest animal in the Early Ordovician. This bizarre marine giant may have only been possible, thanks to a major revolution among some of the tiniest organisms in the world.
- S4E35
The Rise and Fall of the Tallest Mammal to Walk the Earth
Nov 19, 202010mIt arose from rhino ancestors that were a lot smaller, but Paraceratherium would take a different evolutionary path. Believe it or not, it actually became so big that it probably got close to what scientists think might be the actual upper limit for a land mammal.
- S4E36
How Humans Lost Their Fur
Dec 2, 202010mWe’re the only primate without a coat of thick fur. It turns out that this small change in our appearance has had huge consequences for our ability to regulate our body temperature, and ultimately, it helped shape the evolution of our entire lineage.
- S4E37
When Lizards Took Over the World
Dec 9, 202010mLizards are incredibly widespread and diverse but it took them a long time to get to where they are now. Because they used to face some pretty stiff competition from a group of lizard look-alikes.
- S4E38
When the Earth Suddenly Stopped Warming
Dec 17, 202010mFor decades, scientists have been studying the cause of the Younger Dryas, and trying to figure out if something like it could happen again. And it turns out that what caused this event is the subject of a heated debate.
- S4E39
The Triassic Reptile With "Two Faces"
Dec 22, 202010mFiguring out what this creature’s face actually looked like would take paleontologists years. But understanding this weird animal can help us shine a light on at least one way for ecosystems to bounce back from even the worst mass extinction.